THE SMART CHOCOLATE

Because THE CHOCOLATE DR. SIMÓN FIT has a high concentration of organic extract of Ganoderma lucidum Of the highest quality, this extract contains a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as terpenoids, steroids, phenols, nucleotides and their derivatives, glycoproteins and polysaccharides.

Ganoderma polysaccharides are reported to exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, antitumor, and immunostimulatory effects (Miyazaki and Nishijima 1981; Hikino et al. 1985; Tomoda et al. 1986; Bao et al. 2001; Wachtel-Galor, Buswell et al. 2004). Numerous refined polysaccharide preparations extracted from G. lucidum are now marketed as over-the-counter treatment for chronic diseases, including cancer and liver disease (Gao et al. 2005). The freeze-dried fruit bodies of Ganoderma spp. those collected from nature were reported to have a mineral content of 10.2%, with potassium, calcium and magnesium as main components (Chiu et al. 2000).
Some attention has been paid to the germanium content of Ganoderma spp. Germanium was the fifth highest in terms of concentration (489 μg/g) among the minerals detected in G. lucidum fruit bodies collected from the wild (Chiu et al. 2000). This mineral is also present in the order of parts per billion in many plant foods, including ginseng, aloe, and garlic (Mino et al. 1980). Although germanium is not an essential element, at low doses, immunopotentiating, antitumor, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activity has been attributed to it (Kolesnikova, Tuzova, and Kozlov 1997).
Other compounds that have been isolated from G lucidum they include enzymes such as metalloprotease, which delays clotting time; ergosterol (provitamin D2); nucleosides; and nucleotides (adenosine and guanosine; Wasser 2005; Paterson 2006). Kim and Nho (2004) also described the isolation and physicochemical properties of a highly specific and effective reversible inhibitor of α-glucosidase, SKG-3, from the fruit bodies of G. lucidum . In addition, it was reported that the spores of G lucidum they contained a mixture of various long-chain fatty acids that may contribute to the antitumor activity of the fungus (Fukuzawa et al. 2008).

ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL CAPACITY

The goal of research in the treatment of viral and bacterial infections is the discovery of agents that specifically inhibit viral and bacterial replication without affecting normal cells. The unwanted side effects of antibiotics and antivirals and the emergence of resistant strains and mutants make the development of new agents an urgent requirement. This has led researchers to investigate the antibacterial and antiviral activity of medicinal plants and mushrooms (Wasser and Weis 1999; Zhong and Xiao 2009). The isolation of several high molecular weight PBPs soluble in water and methanol from G lucidum showed inhibitory effects on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and New Jersey strain vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in a tissue culture system . Using the plaque reduction method, a significant inhibitory effect was observed at doses that did not show cytotoxicity (Eo et al. 1999; Oh et al. 2000). In addition, there was a marked synergistic effect when PBP was used from G lucidum in tissue culture together with antiherpetic agents, aciclovir or vidarabine, and with IFN-α (Kim et al. 2000; Oh et al. 2000). Similar results were shown in HSV-1 and HSV-2 with a GLPG isolated from G. lucidum mycelium (Liu et al. 2004; Li, Liu and Zhao 2005). Cells were treated before, during and after infection, and the viral titer in the cell culture supernatant was determined 48 hours after infection. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more noticeable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the mechanism was not defined, the authors concluded that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with early viral adsorption events (Li, Liu, and Zhao 2005).

It has also been reported that some triterpenes from G lucidum have an inhibitory effect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease activity, with IC50 values ​​ranging from 20 to more than 1000 μM; however, not all triterpenes examined showed anti-HIV activity (El-Mekkawy et al. 1998; Min et al. 1998). In another study, a ganoderic acid isolated from G. lucidum showed inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HepG2215 cells (HepG2-HBV-producing cell line) for 8 days. Production of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) was respectively 20% and 44% of controls without ganoderic acid treatment (Li and Wang 2006).

Some small studies in human patients have also reported beneficial effects of lingzhi intake. An oral hot water dry extract of G. lucidum (equivalent to 36 or 72 g of dried mushrooms per day) was used as the sole treatment for postherpetic neuralgia (varicella zoster virus) in 4 elderly patients. This treatment has been reported to dramatically decrease pain and promote lesion healing, without any toxicity even at very high doses (Hijikata and Yamada 1998). In another study, a mixture of G lucidum with other herbs improved recovery time in patients with genital herpes (n=15) and cold sores (n=13; Hijikata, Yamada, and Yasuhara 2007).

To evaluate the antibacterial effects of the fungus, several in vitro and in vivo animal studies were performed using G. lucidum . Mice injected with extract of G lucidum (2 mg/mouse) 1 day before injection with Escherichia coli showed markedly improved survival rates (>80% compared to 33% in controls; Ohno et al. 1998). In an in vitro study using the disk assay (Keypour et al. 2008), a chloroform extract of G lucidum for its antibacterial effect on gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results showed that the extract had growth inhibitory effects on two of the gram-positive bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 mg/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis . In another in vitro study, the direct antimicrobial effect of an extract of water from G lucidum against 15 species of bacteria alone and in combination with 4 types of antibiotics (Yoon et al. 1994). It was discovered that G lucidum was more effective than antibiotics against E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, S. aureus, B. cereus, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhi , but less effective against other species tested. The antimicrobial combination of G lucidum with four commonly used antibiotics (Yoon et al. 1994) resulted in an additive or synergistic effect in most but not all cases, with apparent antagonism against the effects of cefazolin and ampicillin on P. vulgaris.

BOOSTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Agents that enhance the functioning of the host's immune system might be expected to improve health in terms of better resistance and thus elimination of malignant or pre-malignant cells. There is considerable evidence to support the immunostimulatory activities of G lucidum through cytokine induction and immunological effector enhancement (Wang et al. 1997; Zhu and Lin 2006). It was shown that different components of G lucidum increase the proliferation and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, splenic mononuclear cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells in in vitro culture and in vivo animal studies (Bao et al. 2001; Cao and Lin 2002; Zhu, Chen, and Lin 2007; Ma et al. 2008). A polysaccharide fraction (F3) was shown to enhance adaptive and innate immunities by triggering the production of the cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and colony-stimulating factors (CSF) from the mouse splenocytes (Chen et al. 2004). It was also reported that TNF-α and IL-6 production was stimulated in human and murine macrophages by G lucidum mycelia (Kuo et al. 2006). This effect could be due to an increased synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) induced by β-D-glucan (Ohno et al. 1998). These polysaccharides were also found to be highly suppressive of tumor cell proliferation in vivo while enhancing the host's immune response (Ooi and Liu 2000).

Wang et al. (1997) found that a fraction enriched with polysaccharides of G lucidum activated cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages in vitro, leading to an increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the culture medium. In another study (Zhang and Lin 1999), incubation of macrophages and T lymphocytes with a polysaccharide resulted in increased levels of TNF-α and INF-γ in the culture medium. This "conditioned" culture medium was found to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in sarcoma 180 and HL-60 cells (Zhang and Lin 1999). In addition, treatment with serum incorporated with a G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide fraction markedly inhibited human lung carcinoma (PG) cell proliferation, whereas the pure fraction alone did not induce similar effects (Cao and Lin 2004). . In addition to polysaccharides, a lanostane triterpenoid, ganoderic acid Me, inhibited tumor growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 “T helper 1 responder” mice by enhancing immune function in terms of IL-2 expression and IFN-γ and NK cell activity (Wang et al. 2007). Zhu and Lin (2006) used cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells to investigate the interaction.

HIGHLIGHTED HUMAN STUDIES

G lucidum it is one of eight components of an herbal mixture called “prostate cancer hope” (known as PC-SEPS), which has been used as an alternative in the treatment of androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer (Gao and Zhou 2009). . However, only a few trials clinicians have used G lucidum as a single agent in cancer patients (Gao, Zhou et al. 2002; Gao, Zhou et al. 2003; Gao, Sai et al. 2003). Two randomized controlled trials were conducted using an extract rich in GL-PS (an over-the-counter proprietary product, Ganopoly; Gao et al. 2003; Gao and Sai et al. 2003). Gao, Zhou et al. (2003) recruited 134 patients with advanced cancers from different sites and supplemented them with G. lucidum. at a dose of 1800 mg / day for 12 weeks. Cellular immunity in 80% of these patients was significantly increased in terms of elevated plasma interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and natural killer (NK) cell activity. In another study, the same protocol was followed with 68 lung cancer patients (Gao, Sai et al. 2003) in which immune parameters, including total T cells, NK cells, and CD4/CD8 ratio, were significantly improved. in treatment with G lucidum cluster. In addition, the quality of life in terms of the Karnofsky score was improved in approximately 65% ​​of these patients (Gao, Sai et al. 2003). Ganopoly was also shown to enhance mitogenic activity and NK cells in patients with advanced cancer in a before-and-after comparison study (Gao, Min et al. 2002). These results provide some evidence that the antitumor effects of G. lucidum are mediated by effects on the immune system.

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY

Consuming antioxidant-rich plants may help prevent cancer and other chronic diseases (Collins 2005; Benzie and Wachtel-Galor 2009). Antioxidants protect cellular components from oxidative damage, which is likely to decrease the risk of mutations and carcinogenesis, and also protect immune cells, allowing them to maintain immune surveillance and response. various components of G. lucidum , particularly polysaccharides and triterpenoids, show antioxidant activity in vitro (Lee et al. 2001; Mau, Lin, and Chen 2002; Shi et al. 2002; Wachtel-Galor, Choi, and Benzie 2005; Yuen and Gohel 2008; Saltarelli et al.2009, Wu and Wang 2009). As shown in Figure 9.4, it was found that antioxidants from G. lucidum they are rapidly absorbed after ingestion, resulting in increased total antioxidant activity in plasma from human subjects (Figure 9.4; Wachtel-Galor, Szeto et al. 2004).

Ooi and Liu (2000) reported that protein-bound polysaccharide (PBP) and peptide polysaccharide were able to mimic the endogenous antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cancer-bearing animals in vivo. These polysaccharides have also been reported to protect immune cells from oxidative damage (Ooi and Lui 2000). The protective effects of G. lucidum on DNA strand excision induced by a metal-catalyzed Fenton reaction, ultraviolet irradiation, and hydroxyl radical attack were shown on agarose gel electrophoresis in vitro (Lee et al. 2001). The hot water extracts of G lucidum significantly protected Raji cells from DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Shi et al. 2002). Hot water extracts protected human lymphocyte DNA only at low concentrations (<.001% w/v) and caused H2O2-mediated damage at higher concentrations (>.01% w/v) (Wachtel-Galor, Choi & Benzie 2005). Two antioxidant-enriched extracts of G. lucidum acted oppositely on premalignant HUC-PC cells under carcinogenic attack (Yuen and Gohel 2008). The aqueous extract protected cellular DNA from oxidative damage, while the ethanolic extract damaged cellular DNA, with increased H2O2 production and significant cell-killing effects observed. The results suggested that different extractable components in bladder chemoprevention might show different effects of G. lucidum . It was reported that methanol extracts of G lucidum prevent kidney damage (induced by the cancer drug cisplatin) by restoring the renal antioxidant defense system (Sheena, Ajith and Janardhanan 2003). In contrast, a fraction of ganoderma triterpenes (GTS) was found to enhance the doxorubicin (DOX)-producing effect in Hela cells, which results in further DNA damage and apoptosis, whereas such synergy was inhibited by Scavenger ROS ( Yue et al. 2008). In an animal study (diabetic rats), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were increased and lipid peroxidation levels were decreased with treatment with G lucidum (Jia et al. 2009).

POWERFUL AGAINST DIABETES

It has been shown that the components of G lucidum have a hypoglycemic effect in animals. Administration of ganoderans A and B (100 mg/kg dose), two polysaccharides isolated from fruit body water extracts, by ip injection into normal and alloxane-induced diabetic mice significantly (up to 50%) decreased the plasma glucose concentrations, and the hypoglycemic effect was still evident after 24 hours (Hikino et al. 1985). Using a mouse model, ganoderan B has also been reported to increase plasma insulin, decrease liver glycogen content, and modulate the activity of glucose-metabolizing enzymes in the liver (Hikino et al. 1989). The same group reported that a third polysaccharide (ganoderan C) isolated from G lucidum it also showed significant hypoglycemic effects in mice, and that ganoderan B increased plasma insulin levels in normal and glucose-loaded mice (Hikino et al. 1989; Tomoda et al. 1986).

In a more recent study, it was found that oral administration of hot water extract of G lucidum (0.03 and 0.3 g/kg BW) for 4 weeks reduces serum glucose levels in obese/diabetic mice (+db/+db), with effects seen after the first week of treatment (Seto et al. 2009). However, glucose levels were still higher in these animals than in control animals, and insulin levels were not altered. The extract markedly reduced phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels, which are typically high in obese/diabetic mice. The suggested mechanism, according to the authors, is to reduce serum glucose levels through suppression of hepatic expression of the PEPCK gene. In another study (Jia et al. 2009), an extract rich in polysaccharides showed beneficial effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were treated with G lucidum for 30 days. After treatment, serum insulin levels increased (compared to the untreated diabetic group) and glucose levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Streptozotocin treatment also elevated levels of lipid peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]), lipid hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes); decreased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin C, reduced glutathione [GSH] vitamin E); and decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes, SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx). After GL-PS treatment, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels increased and lipid peroxidation levels decreased. Therefore, in addition to its glycemic modulation, treatment with G lucidum helped decrease oxidative stress (Jia et al. 2009).
In a study published in the literature, 71 adult patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were supplemented with Ganopoly (polysaccharide fractions extracted from G. lucidum ). Patients received Ganopoly or placebo orally at 1800 mg three times daily for 12 weeks. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and plasma glucose decreased significantly after 12 weeks, indicating a hypoglycemic effect of the extract (Gao, Lan et al. 2004). In general, the data from different studies suggest that the intake of G lucidum Helps modulate blood glucose levels.

PROTECT YOUR LIVER

It was found that hot water and water ether extracts from the fruit body of G lucidum have a potent hepatoprotective effect on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administered orally and intraperitoneally to rats (Lin et al. 1995; Kim et al. 1999). Measured markers for liver injury included aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An active compound was separated from the extract and identified as ganoderenic acid A. It was found to have a potent inhibitory effect on β-glucuronidase, and the authors suggest that this inhibitory effect may have mediated the hepatoprotection observed when this isolated compound was administered ( Kim et al., 1999). Protection was also reported in a study in which a hot water extract of G lucidum orally to mice 30 min before ethanol administration. The extract was found to have an inhibitory effect against the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a breakdown product of lipid peroxides, in mouse liver and kidney homogenate, with evidence of a dose response (Shieh et al. 2001). The MDA effect was also reported by Shi et al. (2008) when the extract was administered orally to mice (at 60, 120, and 180 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks prior to D-galactosamine treatment, it induced liver damage. Furthermore, pretreatment with G lucidum maintained normal AST, ALT, SOD, and GSH values ​​(Shi et al. 2008). Alcohol and CCl4 toxicity is associated with increased oxidative stress and free radical-associated injury. Therefore, hepatoprotection may also be mediated by the radical scavenging properties of G. lucidum. Lin et al. (1995) reported that hot water extracts from G lucidum showed significant radical scavenging activity against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.

In addition, it was reported that the methanolic extract of G lucidum showed liver protection. The extract was administered orally to rats (500 mg/kg/day) for 30 days before benzo(a)pyrene caused liver damage (Lakshmi et al. 2006). The extract prevented the increase in serum AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities that result from benzo(a)pyrene challenge, and improved GSH, SOD, GpX, CAT, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels. . Protection from CCl4-induced liver injury was also observed in mice treated with ganoderic acid (from G. lucidum) at 10 mg and 30 mg/kg/day given by intravenous injection for 7 days (Li and Wang 2006). It was also shown that the medium in which it grew G lucidum has liver protective effects in an animal study of CCl4-induced liver damage (Liu et al. 1998).
It was found that polysaccharides extracted from G lucidum and administered orally to rats for 28 days ameliorate cirrhosis induced by biliary ligation (Park et al. 1997). In addition, the collagen content (as measured by hydroxyproline) in the rat liver was reduced and better liver morphology was found compared to control animals. Treatment significantly decreased ligation-induced increases in serum biochemical markers of liver damage (AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin). Similar results were observed in a study by Wu, Fang, and Lin (2010) which found decreased hepatic hydroxyproline content and improved liver histology in mice. In this study, administration of thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis for 12 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of treatment with extract of G lucidum (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg/day, by oral administration). The RT-QPCR analysis showed the treatment of the extract decreased the expression of mRNA of collagen (α1), actin α of the smooth muscle and the enzymes metalloproteinase-1 and metalloproteinase-13. Furthermore, the TAA-induced decrease in total collagenase activity was reversed by extract treatment, indicating that G lucidum protect again.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES SUPPORT THE PROPERTIES OF GANODERMA:

1. Akihisa T, Nakamura Y, Tagata M, editors. et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4:224–31. [ PubMed ]
2. Bao X, Liu C, Fang J, Li X. Structural and immunological studies of a major polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Carbohydr Res. 2001;332:67–74. [ PubMed ]
3. Bao X, Wang X, Dong Q, Fang J, Li X. Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry. 2002;59:175–81. [ PubMed ]
4. Benzie IF F, Wachtel-Galor S. Biomarkers of long-term vegetarian diets. Adv Clin Chem. 2009;47:169–220.
5. Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 2007;13:265–301. [ PubMed ]
6. Borchers A. T, Krishnamurthy A, Keen C. L, Meyers F. J, Gershwin ME The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp Biol Med. 2008;233:259–76. [ PubMed ]
7. Borchers A. T, Stern J. S, Hackman R. M, Keen C. L, Gershwin ME Minireview: Mushrooms, tumors and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999;221:281–93. [ PubMed ]
8. Budavari S. The Merck Index. raise. New Jersey: Merck & Co., INC; 1989. p. 845.
9. Cao L. Z, Lin ZB Regulation on maturation and function of dendritic cells by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Immunol Lett. 2002;83:163–9. [ PubMed ]
10. Cao Q. Z, Lin ZB Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004;25:833–8. [ PubMed ]
11. Cao Q. Z, Lin ZB Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cell and the induction of VEGF in human lung cancer cell. Life Sci. 2006;78:1457–63. [ PubMed ]
12. Cao Q. Z, Lin S. Q, Wang SZ Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide on invasion of human lung carcinoma cells in vitro. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007;39:653–6. [ PubMed ]
13. Chang S.T, Buswell JA Mushroom nutriceuticals. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1996;12:473–6. [ PubMed ]
14. Chang S. T, Buswell JA Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae): A mushrooming medicinal mushroom. Int J Med Mushrooms. 1999;1:139–46.
15. Chang S. T, Buswell JA Safety, quality control and regulatory aspects relating to mushroom nutriceuticals. Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. 2008:188–95. GAMU GmbH, Krefeld, Germany.
16. Chang Y.H, Yang J.S, Yang J.L, editors. et al. Ganoderma lucidum extract promotes immune responses in normal BALB/c mice in vivo. Alive. 2009;23:755–9. [ PubMed ]
17. Chen Y, Bicker W, Wu J, Xie M. Y, Lindner W. Ganoderma species discrimination by dual-mode chromatographic fingerprinting: A study on stationary phase effects in hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reduction of sample misclassification rate by additional use of reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr. 2010;1217(8):1255–65. [ PubMed ]
18. Chen T. Q, Li K. B, He X. J, Zhu P. G, Xu J. Micro-morphology, chemical components and identification of log-cultivated Ganoderma lucidum spore. Lu M, Gao K, Si H. -F, Chen M. -J Proc '98 Nanjing Intl Symp Science & Cultivation of Mushrooms. 1998 214. Nanjing, China. JSTC-ISMS.
19. Chen D.H, Shiou W.Y, Wang K.C, editors. et al. Chemotaxonomy of triterpenoid pattern of HPLC of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae. J Chin Chem Soc. 1999;46:47–51.
20. Chen H. S, Tsai Y. F, Lin S, editors. et al. Studies on the immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12:5595–601. [ PubMed ]
21. Chen Y, Zhu S.B, Xie M.Y, editors. et al. Quality control and original discrimination of Ganoderma lucidum based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints and combined chemometrics methods. Anal Chim Acta. 2008;623:146–56. [ PubMed ]
22. Chien C.M, Cheng J.L, Chang W.T, editors. et al. Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum alter cell immunophenotypic expression and enhance CD56+ NK-cell cytotoxicity in cord blood. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12:5603–9. [ PubMed ]
23. Chiu S. W, Wang Z. M, Leung T. M, Moore D. Nutritional value of Ganoderma extract and assessment of its genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity using comet assays of mouse lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38:173–8. [ PubMed ]
24. Chung W.T, Lee S.H, Kim JD et al. Effect of mycelial culture broth of Ganoderma lucidum on the growth characteristics of human cell lines. J Biosci Bioeng. 2001;92:550–5. [ PubMed ]
25. Collins AR Antioxidant intervention as a route to cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:1923–30. [ PubMed ]
26. Donk MA A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales. Persononia. 1964;3:19–24.
27. Du M, Wang C, Hu X. C, Zhao G. Positive effect of selenium on the immune regulation activity of lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), proteins in vitro. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2008;10:337–44.
28. El-Mekkawy S, Meselhy M. R, Nakamura N, editors. et al. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry. 1998;49:1651–7. [ PubMed ]
29. Eo S. K, Kim Y. S, Lee C. K, Han SS Antiviral activities of various water and methanol soluble substances isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;68:129–36. [ PubMed ]
30. Evans S, Dizeyi N, Abrahamsson P. A, Persson J. The effect of novel botanical agent TBS-101 on invasive prostate cancer in animal models. Anticancer Res. 2009;29:3917–24. [ PubMed ]
31. Falandysz J. Selenium in edible mushrooms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2008;26(3):256–99. [ PubMed ]
32. Fang Q. H, Zhong JJ Two-stage culture process for improved production of ganoderic acid by liquid fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Prog. 2002;18:51–4. [ PubMed ]
33. Fukuzawa M, Yamaguchi R, Hide I, editors. et al. Possible involvement of long chain fatty acids in the spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi Houshi) to its anti-tumor activity. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31:1933–7. [ PubMed ]
34. Furusawa E, Chou S. C, Furusawa S, Hirazumi A, Dang Y. Antitumour activity of Ganoderma lucidum, an edible mushroom, on intraperitoneally implanted Lewis lung carcinoma in synergenic mice. Phytother Res. 1992;6:300–4.
35. Gao Y, Gao H, Chan E, editors. et al. Antitumor activity and underlying mechanisms of ganopoly, the refined polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, in mice. Immunol Invest. 2005;34:171–98. [ PubMed ]
36. Gao Y, Lan J, Dai X, Ye J, Zhou S. A phase I/II study of Lingzhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) extract in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2004;6:33–40.
37. Gao J. J, Min B. S, Ahn E. M, Nakamura N, Lee H. K, Hattori M. New triterpene aldehydes, lucialdehydes AC, from Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against murine and human tumor cells. Chem Pharm Bull. 2002;50:837–40. [ PubMed ]
38. Gao Y. H, Sai X. H, Chen G. L, Ye J. X, Zhou SF A randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) polysaccharides (Ganopoly) in patients with advanced lung cancer. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2003;5:368–81.
39. Gao Y, Tang W, Gao H, Chan E, Lan J, Zhou S. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide fractions accelerate healing of acetic acid-induced ulcers in rats. J Med Food. 2004;7(4):417–21. [ PubMed ]
40. Gao Y, Zhou S. Cancer prevention and treatment by Ganoderma, a mushroom with medicinal properties. Food Rev Int. 2009;19:275–325.
41. Gao Y. H, Zhou S. F, Chen G. L, Dai X. H, Ye JX A phase I/II study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curr.: Fr.) P. Karst. Extract (Ganopoly) in patients with advanced cancer. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2002;4:207–14.
42. Gao Y. H, Zhou S. F, Jiang W. Q, Huang M, Sai XH Effects of Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest. 2003;32:201–15. [ PubMed ]
43. Gonzalez A. G, Leon F, Rivera A, Munoz C. M, Bermejo J. Lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. J Nat Prod. 1999;62:1700–1.
44. Gottlieb A. M, Ferref E, Wright JE rDNA analyzes as an aid to the taxonomy of species of Ganoderma. Mycol Res. 2000;104:1033–45.
45. Gottlieb A. M, Saidman B. O, Wright JE Isoenzymes of Ganoderma species from southern South America. Mycol Res. 1998;102:415–26.
46. Habijanic J, Berovic M. The relevance of solid-state substrate moisturizing on Ganoderma lucidum biomass cultivation. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2000;38:225–8.
47. Haralampidis K, Trojanowska M, Osbourn AE Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2002;75:31–49. [ PubMed ]
48. Hijikata Y, Yamada S. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on postherpetic neuralgia. Am J Chin Med. 1998;26:375–81. [ PubMed ]
49. Hijikata Y, Yamada S, Yasuhara A. Herbal mixtures containing the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum improve recovery time in patients with herpes genitalis and labialis. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13:985–7. [ PubMed ]
50. Hikino H, Ishiyama M, Suzuki Y, Konno C. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of ganoderan B: A glycan of Ganoderma lucidum fruit body. Plant Med. 1989;55:423–8. [ PubMed ]
51. Hikino H, Konno C, Mirin Y, Hayashi T. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of ganoderans A and B, glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. Planata Med. 1985;4:339–40. [ PubMed ]
52. Ho Y. W, Yeung J. S, Chiu P. K, Tang W. M, Lin Z. B, Man R. Y, Lau CS Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in activated rheumatoid synovial fibroblast. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;301:173–9. [ PubMed ]
53. Hong K. J, Dunn D. M, Shen C. L, Pence BC Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on apoptotic and anti-inflammatory function in HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells. Phytother Res. 2004;18:768–70. [ PubMed ]
54. Hseu R. S, Wang H. H, Wang H. F, Moncalvo JM Differentiation and grouping of isolates of Ganoderma lucidum complex by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR compared with grouping on the basis of internal transcribed spacer sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:1354–63. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ]
55. Hsiao W. L, Li Y. Q, Lee T. L, Li N, You M. M, Chang ST Medicinal mushroom extracts inhibit ras-induced cell transformation and the inhibitory effect requires the presence of normal cells. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25:1177–83. [ PubMed ]
56. Hu H, Ahn N. S, Yang X, Lee Y. S, Kang KS Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Int J Cancer. 2002;102:250–3. [ PubMed ]
57. Hyun J. W, Choi E. C, Kim BK Studies on constituents of higher fungi of Korea (LXVII), antitumor components of the basidiocarp of Ganoderma lucidum. Korean J Mycol. 1990;18:58–69.
58. Ji Z, Tang Q, Zhang J, Yang Y, Jia W, Pan Y. Immunomodulation of RAW264.7 macrophages by GLIS, a proteopolysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:445–50. [ PubMed ]
59. Jia J, Zhang X, Hu Y. S, editors. et al. Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in STZ-diabetic rats. Food Chem. 2009;115:32–6.
60. Jiang J, Grieb B, Thyagarajan A, Sliva D. Ganoderic acids suppress growth and invasive behavior of breast cancer cells by modulating AP-1 and NF-kappaB signaling. Int J Mol Med. 2008;21:577–84. [ PubMed ]
61. Jiang J, Slivova V, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells by down-regulation of estrogen receptor and NF-kappaB signaling. Int J Oncol. 2006;29:695–703. [ PubMed ]
62. Jiang J, Slivova V, Valachovicova T, Harvey K, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Int J Oncol. 2004;24:1093–9. [ PubMed ]
63. Johnston N. Medicinal mushroom cuts off prostate cancer cells' blood supply. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10:1584. [ PubMed ]
64. Kawagishi H, Mitsunaga S. I, Yamawaki M, editors. et al. A lectin from mycelia of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry. 1997;44:7–10. [ PubMed ]
65. Keypour S, Riahi H, Moradali M. F, Rafati H. Investigation of the antibacterial activity of a chloroformextract of Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2008;10(4):345–9.
66. Kim B. K, Chung H. S, Chung K. S, Yang MS Studies on the antineoplastic components of Korean basidiomycetes. Korean J Mycol. 1980;8:107–13.
67. Kim Y. S, Eo S. K, Oh K. W, Lee C. K, Han SS Antiherpetic activities of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum alone and in combinations with interferons. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72:451–8. [ PubMed ]
68. Kim K. C, Kim J. S, Son J. K, Kim IG Enhanced induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells by the Ganoderma lucidum and Duchesnea chrysantha extracts. Cancer Lett. 2007;246:210–17. [ PubMed ]
69. Kim S. D, Nho HJ Isolation and characterization of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. J Microbiol. 2004;42:223–7. [ PubMed ]
70. Kim H. M, Park M. K, Yun JW Culture pH affects exopolysaccharide production in submerged mycelial culture of Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006;134:249–62. [ PubMed ]
71. Kim D.H, Shim S.B, Kim N.J, Jang IS β-Glucuronidase-inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999;22:162–4. [ PubMed ]
72. Kimura Y, Taniguchi M, Baba K. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects on liver of triterpenoid fractions of Ganoderma lucidum: Mechanism of action and isolation of an active substance. Anticancer Res. 2002;22:3309–18. [ PubMed ]
73. Kolesnikova O. P, Tuzova M. N, Kozlov VA Screening of immunoactive properties of alkanecarbonic acid derivatives and germanium-organic compounds in vivo. Immunology. 1997;10:36–8.
74. Kubota T, Asaka Y, Miura I, Mori H. Structures of ganoderic acids A and B, two new lanostane type bitter triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Helv Chim Acta. 1982;65:611–9.
75. Kuo M. C, Weng C. Y, Ha C. L, Wu MJ Ganoderma lucidum mycelia enhance innate immunity by activating NF-kappaB. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103:217–22. [ PubMed ]
76. Lakshmi B, Ajith T. A, Jose N, Janardhanan KK Antimutagenic activity of methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum and its effect on hepatic damage caused by benzo[a]pyrene. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(2):297–303. [ PubMed ]
77. Lee J. M, Kwon H, Jeong H, editors. et al. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother Res. 2001;15:245–9. [ PubMed ]
78. Lee K. M, Lee S. Y, Lee HY Bistage control of pH for improving exopolysaccharide production from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in an air-lift fermentor. J Biosci Bioeng. 1999;88:646–50. [ PubMed ]
79. Lee S. S, Wei Y. H, Chen C. F, Wang S. Y, Chen KY Antitumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum. J Chin Med. 1995;6:1–12.
80. Li C. H, Chen P. Y, Chang U. M, editors. et al. Ganoderic acid X, a lanostanoid triterpene, inhibits topoisomerases and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Life Sci. 2005;77:252–65. [ PubMed ]
81. Li Y. Q, Wang SF Anti-hepatitis B activities of ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Lett. 2006;28(11):837–41. [ PubMed ]
82. Li Z, Liu J, Zhao Y. Possible mechanism underlying the antiherpetic activity of a proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;38(1):34–40. [ PubMed ]
83. Lin SC Beijing, China: Chinese Agricultural Press; Medicinal Fungi of China-Production and Products Development. 2000
84. Lin S. B, Li C. H, Lee S. S, Kan LS Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing proteinkinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest. Life Sci. 2003;72:2381–90. [ PubMed ]
85. Lin J. M, Lin C. C, Chen M. F, Ujiie T, Takada A. Radical scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Ganoderma formosanum, Ganodermalucidum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;47:33–41. [ PubMed ]
86. Lindequist U, Niedermeyer T. H, Jülich WD The pharmacological potential of mushrooms. Evid Based Complement Alternative Med. 2005;2:285–99. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ]
87. Liu K. C, Phousavan S. F, Huang R. L, Liao C, Hsu S. Y, Wang KJ Pharmacological and liver functional studies on mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. Chin Pharm J. 1998;40:21–9.
88. Liu J, Shimizu K, Konishi F, editors. et al. Anti-androgenic activities of the triterpenoids fraction of Ganoderma lucidum. Food Chem. 2007a;100:1691–6.
89. Liu J, Shimizu K, Konishi F, Kumamoto S, Kondo R. The anti-androgen effect of ganoderol B isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007b;15:4966–72. [ PubMed ]
90. Liu J, Yang F, Ye L. B, Yang X. J, Timani K. A, Zheng Y, Wang YH Possible mode of action of antiherpetic activities of a proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;95:265–72. [ PubMed ]
91. Liu Y. W, Gao J. L, Guan J, Qian Z. M, Feng K, Li SP Evaluation of antiproliferative activities and action mechanisms of extracts from two species of Ganoderma on tumor cell lines. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:3087–93. [ PubMed ]
92. Liu X, Yuan J. P, Chung C. K, Chen XJ Antitumor activity of the sporoderm-broken germinating spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Cancer Lett. 2002;182:155–61. [ PubMed ]
93. Lu Q. Y, Jin Y. S, Zhang Q, editors. et al. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit growth and induce actin polymerization in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Lett. 2004;216:9–20. [ PubMed ]
94. Lu H, Kyo E, Uesaka T, Katoh O, Watanabe H. A water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) mycelia suppresses azoxymethane-induction of colon cancers in male F344 rats. Oncol Rep. 2003;10:375–9. [ PubMed ]
95. Lu H, Uesaka T, Katoh O, Kyo E. Watanabe H. Prevention of the development of preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci, by a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia in male F344 rats. Oncol Rep. 2001;8:1341–5. [ PubMed ]
96. Ma C, Guan S. H, Yang M, Liu X, Guo DA Differential protein expression in mouse splenic mononuclear cells treated with polysaccharides from spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Phytomedicine. 2008;15:268–76. [ PubMed ]
97. Ma J, Ye Q, Hua Y, editors. et al. New lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J Nat Prod. 2002;65:72–5. [ PubMed ]
98. Mahato S. B, Sen S. Advances in triterpenoid research, 1990-1994. Phytochemistry. 1997;44:1185–236. [ PubMed ]
99. Mao T, Van de Water J, Keen C. L, Stem J. S, Hackman R, Gershwin ME Two mushrooms, Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum, can stimulate cytokine gene expression and proliferation in human T lymphocytes. Int J Immunother. 1999;15:13–22.
100. Mashour N. K, Lin G. I, Frishman WH Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: Clinical considerations. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2225–34. [ PubMed ]
101. Mau J. L, Lin H. C, Chen CC Non-volatile components of several medicinal mushrooms. Food Res Int. 2001;34:521–6.
102. Mau J. L, Lin H. C, Chen CC Antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:6072–7. [ PubMed ]
103. Mayzumi F, Okamoto H, Mizuno T. Cultivation of Reishi. Food Rev Int. 1997;13:365–73.
104. McMeekin D. The perception of Ganoderma lucidum in Chinese and Western culture. Mycologist. 2005;18:165–9.
105. Min B. S, Gao J. J, Nakamura N, Hattori M. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against meth-A and LLC tumor cells. Chem Pharm Bull. 2000;48:1026–33. [ PubMed ]
106. Min B. S, Nakamura N, Miyashiro H, Bae K. W, Hattori M. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease. Chem Pharm Bull. 1998;46:1607–12. [ PubMed ]
107. Mino Y, Ota N, Sakao S, Shi momura S. Determination of germanium in medicinal plants by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. Chem Pharm Bull. 1980;28:2687–91. [ PubMed ]
108. Miura T, Yuan L, Sun B, editors. et al. Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002;66:2626–31. [ PubMed ]
109. Miyazaki T, Nishijima M. Studies on fungal polysaccharides. XXVII. Structural examination of a water-soluble, antitumor polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Pharm Bull. 1981;29:3611–16. [ PubMed ]
110. Moncalvo JM Systematics of Ganoderma. In: Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops. Wallingford, UK: CAB International; 2000.pp. 23–45.
111. Moncalvo J. M, Wang H. F, Wang H. H, Hseu RS The use of rDNA nucleotide sequence data for species identification and phylogeny in the Ganodermataceae. In: Ganoderma: Systematics. Phytopathology and Pharmacology. Taipei: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University; nineteen ninety five.
112. Muller C. I, Kumagai T, O'Kelly J, Seeram N. P, Heber D, Koeffler HP Ganoderma lucidum causes apoptosis in leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells. Leuk Res. 2006;30:841–8. [ PubMed ]
113. Nishitoba T, Sato H, Kasai T, Kawagishi H, Sakamura S. New bitter C27 and C30 terpenoids from fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). Agric Biol Chem. 1984;48:2905–7.
114. Nonaka Y, Shibata H, Nakai M, editors. et al. Anti-tumor activities of the antlered form of Ganoderma lucidum in allogeneic and syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:2028–34. [ PubMed ]
115. Oh K. W, Lee C. K, Kim Y. S, Eo S. K, Han SS Antiherpetic activities of acidic protein bound polysacchride isolated from Ganoderma lucidum alone and incombination with Acyclovir and Vidarabine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72:221–7. [ PubMed ]
116. Ohno N, Miura N. N, Sugawara N, Tokunaka K, Kirigaya N, Yadomae T. Immunomodulation by hot water and ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum. Pharm Pharmacol Lett. 1998;4:174–7.
117. Ooi V. E, Liu F. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr Med Chem. 2000;7:715–29. [ PubMed ]
118. Park E. J, Ko G, Kim J, Dong HS Antifibrotic effects of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, Glycyrrhizin, and Pentoxifylline in rats with cirrhosis induced by biliary obstruction. Biol Pharm Bull. 1997;20:417–20. [ PubMed ]
119. Paterson RR Ganoderma-a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(18):1985–2001. [ PubMed ]
120. Riu H, Roig G, Sancho J. Production of carpophores of Lentinus edodes and Ganoderma lucidum grown on cork residues. Microbiology SEM. 1997;13:185–92. [ PubMed ]
121. Ryvarden L. Can we trust morphology in Ganoderma? Buchanan P.K, Hseu R.S, Moncalvo J.M Ganoderma: Systematics, Phytopathology and Pharmacology. Proceedings of Contributed Symposium. 1994:19–24. 59A, B 5th International Mycological Congress August 14-21 1994.
122. Sadava D, Still D. W, Mudry R. R, Kane SE Effect of Ganoderma on drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2009;277:182–9. [ PubMed ]
123. Saltarelli R, Ceccaroli P, Iotti M, editors. et al. Biochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum from Central Italy. Food Chem. 2009;116:143–51.
124. Sanodiya B. S, Thakur G. S, Baghel R. K, Prasad G. B, Bisen PS Ganoderma lucidum: A potent pharmacological macrofungus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009;10(8):717–42. [ PubMed ]
125. Sato H, Nishitoba T, Shirasu S, Oda K, Sakamura S. Ganoderiol A and B, new triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). Agric Biol Chem. 1986;50:2887–90.
126. Seto S.W, Lam T.Y, Tam H.L, editors. et al. Novel hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma lucidum water-extract in obese/diabetic (+db/+db) mice. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(5):426–36. [ PubMed ]
127. Shang D, Zhang J, Wen L, Li Y, Cui Q. Preparation, characterization, and antiproliferative activities of the Se-containing polysaccharide SeGLP-2B-1 from Se-enriched Ganoderma lucidum. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:7737–42. [ PubMed ]
128. Sheena M, Ajith A, Janardhanan K. Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by the anticancer drug Cisplatin, using Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom occurring in South India. Curr Sci. 2003;85:478–82.
129. Shi Y. L, James A. E, Benzie I. F, Buswell JA Mushroom-derived preparations in the prevention of H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 2002;22:103–11. [ PubMed ]
130. Shi Y, Sun J, He H, Guo H, Zhang S. Hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;117:415–19. [ PubMed ]
131. Shi X. M, Zhang J. S, Tang Q. J, Yang Y, Hao R. X, Pan YJ Fingerprint analysis of lingzhi (Ganoderma) strains by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with chemometric methods. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;24:2443–50.
132. Shieh Y. H, Liu C. F, Huang Y. K, Yang J. Y, Wu I. L, Lin C. H, Lin SC Evaluation of the hepatic and renal protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in mice. Am J Chin Med. 2001;29:501–7. [ PubMed ]
133. Sliva D. Cellular and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). Mini Rev Med Chem. 2004;4:873–9. [ PubMed ]
134. Sliva D, Labarrere C, Slivova V, Sedlak M, Lloyd F. P Jr, Ho NW Ganoderma lucidum suppresses motility of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;298:603–12. [ PubMed ]
135. Song Y. S, Kim S. H, Sa J. H, Jin C, Lim C. J, Park EH Anti-angiogenic and inhibitory activity on inducible nitric oxide production of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90:17–20. [ PubMed ]
136. Song C. H, Yang B. K, Ra K. S, Shon D. H, Park E. J, Go G. I, Kim YH Hepatoprotective effect of extracellular polymer produced by submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum WK-003. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1998;8:277–9.
137. Stanley G, Harvey K, Slivova V, Jiang J, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;330:46–52. [ PubMed ]
138. Su C. H, Yang Y. Z, Ho H, Hu C. H, Sheu MT High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the characterization of triterpenoids from Ganoderma. J Chromatogr Sci. 2001;39:93–100. [ PubMed ]
139. Sun S. J, Gao W, Lin S. Q, Zhu J, Xie B. G, Lin ZB Analysis of genetic diversity in Ganoderma populations with a novel molecular marker SRAP. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;72:537–43. [ PubMed ]
140. Sun J, He H, Xie BJ Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:6646–52. [ PubMed ]
141. Tang W, Liu J. W, Zhao W. M, Wei D. Z, Zhong JJ Ganoderic acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Life Sci. 2006;80:205–11. [ PubMed ]
142. Thakur A, Rana M, Lakhanpal T. N, Ahmad A, Khan MI Purification and characterization of lectin from fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum: Lectin from Ganoderma lucidum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1770:1404–12. [ PubMed ]
143. The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of PR China. State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People's Republic of China. Beijing, China: Chemical Industry Press; 2000.
144. Tomasi S, Lohezic-Le D. F, Sauleau P, Bezivin C, Boustie J. Cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts from Basidiomycete mushrooms on murine cancer cell lines. Pharmazie. 2004;59:290–3. [ PubMed ]
145. Tomoda M, Gonda R, Kasahara Y, Hikino H. Glycan structures of ganoderans B and C, hypoglycemic glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. Phytochemistry. 1986;25:2817–20.
146. Upton R. American Herbal Pharmacopeia and Therapeutic Compendium: Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. Standards of Analysis, Quality Control, and Therapeutics. USA Canada: Santa Cruz; 2000.
147. Van Der Hem L, Van Der Vliet A, Bocken CF M, Kino K, Hoitsma A. J, Tax WJM Lingzhi-8: Studies of a new immunomodulating agent. Transplantation. 1995;60:438–43. [ PubMed ]
148. Wachtel-Galor S, Buswell J. A, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF Lingzhi polyphorous fungus. In: Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Molecular Aspects of Health. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004.pp. 179–228.
149. Wachtel-Galor S, Choi S. W, Benzie IFF Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on human DNA is dose dependent and mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Redox Rep. 2005;10(3):145–9. [ PubMed ]
150. Wachtel-Galor S, Szeto Y. T, Tomlinson B, Benzie. F IF Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): Acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004;1:75–83. [ PubMed ]
151. Wang S.Y, Hsu M.L, Hsu H.C, editors. et al. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer. 1997;70:699–705. [ PubMed ]
152. Wang Y. Y, Khoo K. H, Chen S. T, Lin C. C, Wong C. H, Lin CH Studies on the immunomodulating and antitumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides: Functional and proteomic analyzes of a fucose- containing glycoprotein fraction responsible for the activities. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002;10:1057–62. [ PubMed ]
153. Wang H, Ng TB Ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Peptides. 2006;27:27–30. [ PubMed ]
154. Wang H, Ng T. B, Ooi VEC Lectins from mushrooms. Mycol Res. 1998;102:897–906.
155. Wang G, Zhao J, Liu J, Huang Y, Zhong J. J, Tang W. Enhancement of IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression and NK cells activity involved in the anti-tumor effect of ganoderic acid Me in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7:864–70. [ PubMed ]
156. Wasser S. P, Coates P, Blackman M, Cragg G, Levine M, Moss J, White J. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2005. Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) pp. 680–90.
157. Wasser S. P, Weis AL Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: Current perspectives. Int J Med Mushrooms. 1999;1:31–62.
158. Wen H, Kang S, Song Y, Song Y, Sung S. H, Park S. Differentiation of cultivation sources of Ganoderma lucidum by a NMR-based metabolomics approach. Phytochem Anal. 2010;21:73–9. [ PubMed ]
159. Weng C. J, Chau C. F, Yen G. C, Liao J. W, Chen D. H, Chen KD Inhibitory effects of Ganoderma lucidum on tumorigenesis and metastasis of human hepatoma cells in cells and animal models. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:5049–57. [ PubMed ]
160. WHO (World Health Organization). Mortality Statistics. 2008. World Health Report.
161. Woo Y. A, Kim H. J, Cho J. H, Chung H. Discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographic origin with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1999;21:407–13. [ PubMed ]
162. Wu Y. W, Fang H. L, Lin WC Post-treatment of Ganoderma lucidum reduced liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice. PhytotherRes. 2010;24(4):494–9. [ PubMed ]
163. Wu Y, Wang D. A new class of natural glycopeptides with sugar moiety-dependent antioxidant activities derived from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. J Proteome Res. 2009;8:436–42. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ]
164. Wu Q. P, Xie Y. Z, Li S. Z, editors. et al. Tumor cell adhesion and integrin expression affected by Ganoderma lucidum. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2006;40:32–41.
165. Xie Y. Z, Li S. Z, Yee A, editors. et al. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces tumor cell death. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2009;40:177–85.
166. Xie J.T, Wang C.Z, Wicks S, editors. et al. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. Exp Oncol. 2006;28:25–9. [ PubMed ]
167. Yang F. C, Liau CB The influence of environmental conditions on polysaccharide formation by Ganoderma lucidum in submerged cultures. Process Biochem. 1998;33:547–53.
168. Yoon S. Y, Eo S. K, Kim Y. S, Lee C. K, Han SS Antimicrobial activity of Ganoderma lucidum extract alone and in combination with some antibiotics. Arch Pharm Res. 1994;17:438–42. [ PubMed ]
169. Yue Q. X, Xie F. B, Guan S. H, editors. et al. Interaction of Ganoderma triterpenes with doxorubicin and proteomic characterization of the possible molecular targets of Ganoderma triterpenes. Cancer Sci. 2008;99:1461–70. [ PubMed ]
170. Yuen J. W, Gohel MD Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: A review of scientific evidence. Nourish Cancer. 2005;53:11–7. [ PubMed ]
171. Yuen J. W, Gohel MD The dual roles of Ganoderma antioxidants on urothelial cell DNA under carcinogenic attack. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;118:324–30. [ PubMed ]
172. Yuen J. W, Gohel M. D, Au DW Telomerase-associated apoptotic events by mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on premalignant human urothelial cells. Nourish Cancer. 2008;60:109–9. [ PubMed ]
173. Yun TK Update from Asia: Asian studies on cancer chemoprevention. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;889:157–92. [ PubMed ]
174. Zaidman B. Z, Yassin M, Mahajna J, Wasser SP Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005;67:453–68. [ PubMed ]
175. Zhang Q. H, Lin ZB Antitumor activity of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Tr.) P.Karst. (Lingzhi) (Aphyllophoromycetideae) polysaccharides is related to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferongamma. Int J Med Mushrooms. 1999;1:207–15.
176. Zhang W, Tang YJ A novel three-stage light irradiation strategy in the submerged fermentation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum for the efficient production of ganoderic acid and Ganoderma polysaccharides. Biotechnol Prog. 2008;24:1249–61. [ PubMed ]
177. Zhang L, Zhang M, Chen J. Solution properties of antitumor carboxymethylated derivatives of a-(1→3)-D-Glucan from Ganoderma lucidum. Chin J Polym Sci. 2001;19:283–9.
178. Zhao L, Dong Y, Chen G, Hu H. Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;80(3):783–9.
179. Zhao J. D, Zhang XQ Importance, distribution and taxonomy of Ganodermataceae in China. Proceedings of Contributed Symposium, B 5th International Mycological Congress, Vancouver. 1994 1994 August 14-21;
180. Zheng L, Jia D, Fei X, Luo X, Yang Z. An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP. Microbiol Res. 2009;164:312–21. [ PubMed ]
181. Zhong J. J, Xiao JH Secondary metabolites from higher fungi: Discovery, bioactivity and biopro-duction. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2009;113:79–150. [ PubMed ]
182. Zhou X, Lin J, Yin Y, Zhao J, Sun X, Tang K. Ganodermataceae: Natural products and their related pharmacological functions. Am J Chin Med. 2007;35:559–74. [ PubMed ]
183. Zhu YP Chinese Materia Medica. Singapore: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1998.
184. Zhu X. L, Chen A. F, Lin ZB Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance the function of immunological effector cells in immunosuppressed mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111:219–26. [ PubMed ]
185. Zhu X, Lin Z. Modulation of cytokines production, granzyme B and perforin in murine CIK cells by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;63:188–97.